Peer-Reviewed Articles
185 Some Requirements for Geographic Information Systems:
A Photogrammetric Point of View
Christian Heipke
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Some requirements which an ideal geographic information system (GIS) must meet
to cope with the challenges of the future are described. We look at data
modeling, the integra tion of geographic information science and photogrammetry,
update and refinement of a geospatial database, and data integration. We
claim that data modeling needs to be carried out in 3D based on a topologic
data structure with the possi bility for incorporating change. Photogrammetric
operations such as the generation of digital terrain models or the manual
and automatic acquisition of vector data from imagery should be considered
as modules of future GIS, which should also have efficient mechanisms for
incremental updating and versioning. Finally, the integration of all types
of data should be possible, e.g., various vector data sets as well as DTMs
and images.
We illustrate the requirements with the help of three examples, one describing data acquisition and modeling in an interdisciplinary project, one dealing with quality control and update using imagery, and the last one presenting an algorithm for the integration of a 2D data set and a DTM. This paper discusses GIS from a photogrammetric point of view with an emphasis on imaging and data acquisition. While we believe that the discussed requirements are vital for the development of GIS, we are aware of the fact that other issues such as database design, software architecture, visualization, geospatial data infrastructure, and web mapping, only briefly mentioned or not discussed at all in this paper, are of similar importance for the field.
Please see these links for the figures: Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9
197 From Mobile Mapping to Telegeoinformatics: Paradigm
Shift in Geospatial Data Acquisition, Processing, and Management
Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska, Ron Li, Norbert Haala, and Charles Toth
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Technological advances in positioning and imaging sensors, combined with the
explosion in wireless mobile communication systems that occurred during the
last decade of the twentieth century, practically redefined and substantially
extended the concept of mobile mapping. The advent of the first mobile mapping
systems (MMS) in the early 1990s initiated the process of establishing modern,
virtually ground-control-free photogrammetry and digital mapping. By the
end of the last decade, mobile mapping technology had made remarkable progress,
evolving from rather simple land-based systems to more sophisticated, real-time
multitasking and multisensor systems, operational in land and airborne environments.
New specialized systems, based on modern imaging sensors, such as CCD (charge-coupled
device) cameras, lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) and hyperspectral/multispectral
scanners, are being developed, aimed at automatic data acquisition for geoinformatics,
thematic mapping, land classification, terrain modeling, emergency response,
homeland security, etc. This paper provides an overview of the mobile mapping
concept, with a special emphasis on the MMS paradigm shift from the post-mission
to near-real-time systems that occurred in the past few years. A short review
of the direct georeferencing concept is given, and the major techniques (sensors)
used for platform georegistration, as well as the primary radiolocation techniques
based on wireless networks, are presented. An overview of the major imaging
sensors and the importance of multisensor system calibration are also provided.
Future perspectives of mobile mapping and its extension towards telegeoinformatics
are also discussed. Some examples of mo bile geospatial technology used in
automatic object recogni tion, real-time highway centerline mapping, thematic
mapping, and city modeling with lidar and multispectral imagery are included.
Please see these links for the figures: Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figures 9 & 10
211 Automated Identification of Man-Made Textural Features
on Satellite Imagery by Bayesian Networks
Ahmet B. Orun
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A classification technique which distinguishes between man-made and natural
textural features visible on high resolution satellite images is introduced.
The proposed work aims to evaluate non-linear classification techniques by
the unifica tion of appropriate texture analysis methods and a learning Bayesian
classifier which is more robust against data uncertainty than the other types
of linear classifiers. The classification technique introduced within this
work will also provide an opportunity for fully automated thematic and land-use
map generation.
217 System Integration of GIS and a Rule-Based Expert System
for Urban Mapping
Jinmu Choi and E. Lynn Usery
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A rule-based expert system has been the most common artificial intelligence
(AI) technique for system integration with geographic information systems
(GIS) because of its simple rule structure. In this paper, a rule-based expert
system is presented that uses an interactive question-and-answer sequence
integrated with GIS for spatial data mapping. The integrated system consists
of three main parts: expert, user, and map. Rules can be constructed easily
in the expert part using English. Users can derive a solution to a specific
problem from the rules in the user part through the interactive question-and-answer
sequence. The solution can then be mapped directly in the GIS (map) part.
This system is applied to the interactive interpretation and mapping of aerial
photographs for an urban area. The land-use/land-cover map results in 93.44
percent overall accuracy with a kappa index of 0.9288.
Please see these links for the figures: Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9
225 Designing a GIS-Based CSCW System for Development Control
with an Event-Driven Approach
Jun Chen, Jie Jiang, and Anthony Gar-On Yeh
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Development control in urban planning is a collaborative decision-making process
where a group of urban planners and land management staffs review or process
the building application(s) submitted by a public agency and private citizen
according to predefined regulations and workflow. This paper presents an
event-driven approach for designing and developing a GIS-based Computer Supported
Collaborative Work (CSCW) system for urban development control. This approach
attempts to model both the structural and behavioral aspects of the development
control process by integrated representation of agents, events, and states
as well as their relations. These relations can be represented with UML (Unified
Modeling Language), causal entity-relation diagram, and Event Pattern Language-based
formal specifications. The integration of heterogeneous spatial and non-spatial
data within such a GIS-based CSCW system for development control is also
introduced in this paper. A method to link spatial objects and attributes
in the multiscale, multitype dataset is proposed. Moreover, three kinds of
specific functions are developed for handling routine works of development
control, such as office automation functions, desktop spatial data handling
and mapping tools, and generic queries.
Please see these links for the color figures: Figure 8. Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11
235 Information Fusion for Computational Assessment of Air
Quality and Health Effects
Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, Nikolaos A. Soulakellis, and Nicolas I. Sifakis
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The functional layout, the operational features, and the characteristic results
of the information fusion method ICAROS NET are presented. This is an innovative
technique for the assessment of air quality and the related potential health
effects at urban and regional scales. It is based on the multilayer fusion
of environmental and epidemiological data and models aiming at reducing the
error inherent in environmental measurements and their statistical interpretation.
ICAROS NET exploits to the fullest the information potential of Earth observation
data, atmospheric chemical and transport models, and ground-based measurements.
The assimilation of information from all three data sources into an optimized
computational model allows the estimation of tropospheric particulate loading
at very high precision and very high spatial resolution.
Please see these links for the figures: Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9
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