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June 2019
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal
of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is
devoted to the exchange of ideas and information about the applications of
photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The
technical activities of the Society are conducted through the following Technical
Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications,
Lidar, Primary Data Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing
Applications. Additional information on the functioning of the Technical
Divisions and the Society can be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining to this
and other Society publications should be directed to the American Society for
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If the jagged structures sticking out of the flat, dry landscape in northwest New Mex-
ico seem otherworldly, that’s for a good reason. Protruding from the high desert plain,
Shiprock has much in common with terrain on Mars, where volcanic activity formed
similar razor-like, vertical walls.
The natural-color image above, acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Land-
sat 8, shows Shiprock on April 12, 2017. Its central formation, a stone tower, consists
of a 30 million-year-old volcanic neck, “the central feeder pipe of larger volcanic land-
form which has since eroded away,” according to the New Mexico Bureau of Geology
and Mineral Resources.
Shiprock rises 500 meters (more than 1,600 feet) above the surrounding desert, but
there was a time when it hid below the soil like a sunken ship under water. The Bu-
reau estimates that it formed 750 to 1000 meters (2,460 to 3,280 feet) below the
Earth’s surface. The formation was likely created in a hydrovolcanic eruption, in which
“magma in upward-migrating dikes encounters groundwater, and heats it to steam
under confining pressure,” according to a paper on the Navajo Volcanic Field. Two
perpendicular walls—“radial dikes” that radiate outward from the volcano’s center—
come together at the rocky outcrop. Initially, hot lava seeped into cracks in the older
rock here, creating dikes. Since then, erosion has worn away the sandstone and shale
around the dikes.
The red planet’s ridges are thought to have been formed by similar volcanic and erosional
processes to those that created Shiprock. “The features on Mars could be intrusive dikes
like Shiprock,” said Laszlo Kestay, director of the Astrogeology Science Center for the
U.S. Geological Survey. “The region has plenty of volcanism and the Medusae Fossae
Formation is easily eroded, making it a good host-rock for such features.”
The origin of Mars’s Medusae Fossae continues to puzzle geologists. Located in the Am-
azonis Planitia region of the planet, it lies between two volcanic domes, Tharsis and Ely-
sium. Scientists generally agree that the formation is young and fine-grained, but beyond
that, they are divided in theories on how it was created. Some hypotheses propose that it
was formed as result of deposits from a meteorite impact into an aquifer underneath the
planet’s surface. Others suggest that it was created by pyroclastic flows—the outpouring
of hot ash, lava, and other materials that run downhill after an eruption.
The inset image on the cover shows polygon-shaped ridges in the Gordii Dorsum por-
tion of the Medusae Fossae region of Mars. The image was captured on April 9, 2010,
by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter. The dikes here are a fraction of a kilometer long—less than
ten times shorter than their counterparts at Shiprock.
“For Shiprock, it is the classic location to show what is going on under the vents for
a volcano,” Kestay said. Although he is not aware of any studies directly on Shiprock
that have been applied to the Red Planet, “It is the best example of a process that
undoubtedly happens on Mars.”
NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S.
Geological Survey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science
Experiment (HiRISE) image courtesy of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary
Laboratory. Story by Pola Lem.
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