272
May 2020
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
Origin (
j
o
) = 38º 42´ 43.631˝ N and the Central meridian (
λ
o
)
= 9º 07´ 54.806˝ West of Greenwich. The scale fac-tor at origin
was equal to unity, and there was no False Easting or False
Northing.
In 1881 the Army Staff Department published the Carta
Itinerária da 1ª Divisão Militar (
Itinerary Map of the 1st
Army Division
) at a scale of 1:250,000. In 1891 the Army
Staff Department began work on the publication of the Carta
dos Arredores de Lisboa (Map of the Outskirts of Lisbon) at
a scale of 1:20,000. This was the first military topographic
map, which later became known as the Map of Portugal. The
ellipsoidal Bonne projection was used for this series also,
and the Latitude of Origin (
j
o
) = 39º 40´ N and the Central
meridian (
l
o
) = 8º 07´ 54.806˝ West of Greenwich. The scale
factor at origin was equal to unity, False Easting = 200 km and
False Northing = 400 km. The two baselines were observed in
1886-1889, and were at Batel-Montijo and at Melriça.
In 1911 the Military Cartographic Section of the Army
General Staff was created and continued the work on the
Map of the Outskirts of Lisbon at 1:20,000 scale, and the Map
of Portugal at 1:250,000 scale. Later, work was sus-pended
on these two series during the restructuring process of the
services which started in 1926 and ended in 1932 with the
creation of the Serviços Cartográficos do Exército (Army
Cartographic Service).
The Regulatory Decree dated 24 November 1932
established the Serviços Cartograficos do Exercito (SCE)
(
Army Cartographic Service
) under the aegis of the Army
Staff (EME), and the heirs of Portuguese cartographic
traditions. The initial priority of the SCE was to publish the
Military Map of Portugal, the Itinerary Map of Portugal, and
other documentation necessary for the defense of Portugal.
The first sheet, produced at a scale of 1:25,000, covered the
Abrantes region. Thus, in 1937, the SCE adopted purely
classical methods in their survey activities. From then on,
photogrammetric processes were initiated, and by 1940 were
exclusively used in medium-scale mapping.
In 1995 the survey for the Military Map of Continental
Portugal was completed at a scale of 1:25,000 with a total
of 639 sheets. The Gauss-Krüger Trans-verse Mercator Grid
was used for this series where the Latitude of Origin (
j
o
)
= the equator (by definition) and the Central meridian (
λ
o
)
= 8º 07´ 54.862˝ West of Greenwich. The scale factor at origin
was equal to unity, False Easting = 300 km, and FalseNorthing
= 200 km. This is based on the Castello de Sâo Jorge Datum
where Φ
o
= 38º 42´ 43.631˝ N and the Central meridian Λ
o
= 9º 07´ 54.8446˝ West of Greenwich. The ellipsoid of reference
is the Hayford 1909 or the Inter-national (Madrid) 1924 where
a
= 6,378,388 m and
1
/
f
= 297. This series was then followed
by the survey of the islands of Azores and Madeira with 51
sheets at the same scale. The Gauss-Krüger Transverse
Mercator Grids for the islands of the Azores Archipelago are
quite similar in that the parameters are
j
o
= 0º, the scale
factor at origin is equal to unity, False Easting = zero, and
False Northing Latitude of Origin (
j
FN
) = 38º 45´ N. For
Ilha de Sâo Jorge, the Central Meridian (
l
o
) = 28º West of
Greenwich; for Ilha do Faial,
l
o
= 28º 42´ W; for Ilha do Pico,
l
o
= 28º 20´; and for Ilha Graciosa,
l
o
= 28º W. For the Madeira
Archipelago, the Ilha de Porto Santo Gauss-Krüger Trans-
verse Mercator
j
o
= 0º, the scale factor at origin is equal to
unity, False Easting = zero, False Northing Latitude of Origin
(
j
FN
) = 33º 03´ 23.9412˝ N, and
l
o
= 16º 20´ 01.2304˝ West of
Greenwich. For the Ilha de Madeira e Desertas,
j
o
= 0º, the
scale factor at origin is equal to unity, False Easting = zero,
False Northing Latitude of Origin (
j
FN
) = 32º 45´ N, and
l
o
= 16º 55´ West of Greenwich.
In the 1960s and at the outset of the 70s, various types of
cartographic survey work were carried out. These included
orthophoto and image maps of the former Portuguese
territories in Africa (Angola,
PE&RS
March, 2002 and
Moçambique,
PE&RS
September, 1999) and important
photographic documentation taken during combat in the
last colonial war and today considered of extreme historical
importance.
The complete survey of the Cape Verde archipelago at a
1:25,000 scale and with identical specifications to those of
the Military Map of Portugal is also of particular importance.
The said series is composed of 64 sheets, being concluded in
1980 under the terms of a cooperative agreement signed with
the Republic of Cape Verde. The current existing cartography
of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau at a scale of 1:50,000 and
totaling 75 sheets was also produced by the Portuguese Army
Cartographic Services. Aerial triangulation techniques became
regularly used in the cartographic production chain from 1968
onwards. The year of 1974 saw the beginning of the systematic
use of analysis and research with technical documentation
related to computerized cartographic processes. In 1986, the
SCE acquired an auto-mated cartographic system.
The first GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers arrived
at the SCE during the year 1992, and a marked improvement
was witnessed in the speed, economy, and precision of survey
work. In 1992 the research work on the building and design
of the Geographic Information System (SIG) was started. The
Serviço Cartográfico do Exército (SCE) became the Instituto
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