656
November 2020
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
ENGINEERING &
REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist
Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal
of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is
devoted to the exchange of ideas and information about the applications of
photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The
technical activities of the Society are conducted through the following Technical
Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications,
Lidar, Primary Data Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing
Applications. Additional information on the functioning of the Technical
Divisions and the Society can be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining
to this and other Society publications should be directed to the American
Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 425 Barlow Place, Suite
210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144, including inquiries, memberships, sub-
scriptions, changes in address, manuscripts for publication, advertising, back
issues, and publications. The telephone number of the Society Headquarters is
301-493-0290; the fax number is 225-408-4422; web address is
PE&RS.
PE&RS
(ISSN0099-1112) is published monthly by the American
Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 425 Barlow Place, Suite
210, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2144. Periodicals postage paid at Bethesda,
Maryland and at additional mailing offices.
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MEMBERSHIP.
Membership is open to any person actively engaged in
the practice of photogrammetry, photointerpretation, remote sensing and
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is interested in the application or development of these arts and sciences.
Membership is for one year, with renewal based on the anniversary date of the
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COPYRIGHT 2020.
Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing. Reproduction of this issue or any part thereof (except
short quotations for use in preparing technical and scientific papers) may be
made only after obtaining the specific approval of the Managing Editor. The
Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinions expressed in
technical papers, advertisements, or other portions of this publication. Printed
in the United States of America.
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Much of Dr. Sherman Wu’s work with USGS involved mapping other planets,
including Mars. For this reason, this month’s cover of PE&RS uses an an image
mosaic of Mars from the Mars Viking Orbiter mission.
Mars Viking Global Color Mosaic 925m v1
About 1000 Viking Orbiter red- and violet-filter images have been processed to
provide global color coverage of Mars at a scale of 925 meters per pixel (m).
Individual image frames acquired during a single spacecraft revolution (“rev”)
were first processed through radiometric calibration, cosmetic cleanup, geometric
control, reprojection, and mosaicking. We have produced a total of 57 “single-rev”
mosaics. Phase angles range from 13 to 85 degrees. All of the mosaics are geo-
metrically tied to the Mars Digital Image Model (MDIM), a black-and-white base
map with a scale of 231 meter per pixel (m).
In producing a global mosaic from Viking images with useful color and albedo
information for the surface, the largest challenge has been the photometric nor-
malization, including removal of atmospheric effects. First, we selected a subset
of single-rev mosaics that provide the best global coverage (the least atmospheric
obscuration and seasonal frost). A Minnaert photometric normalization was
applied to normalize the variations in illumination and viewing angles. Image data
acquired at illumination or emission angles larger than 77 degrees were trimmed
off, as these data are strongly affected by atmospheric scattering.
A model image of condensate haze was created from the violet images, consisting
of 60% of the violet-filter reflectance greater than 0.05, smoothed over 20-km
scales. The haze model was then subtracted from both the violet- and red-filter im-
ages. The residual polar caps were excluded from haze removal. This procedure is
“conservative” in the sense that it errs on the side of under-correcting for the haze.
Finally, these normalized mosaics were combined into global mosaics. Global
coverage is about 98% complete in the red-filter mosaic and 95% complete in the
violet-filter mosaic. A green-filter image was synthesized from an average of the
red- and violet-filter data to complete a three-color set.
Original image and data can be found here:
/
map/Mars/Viking/Color/Mars_Viking_ClrMosaic_global_925m
