ASPRS

PE&RS August 1996

VOLUME 62, NUMBER 8
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING

Peer-Reviewed Articles

921 Land Cover in the Amazon Estuary: Linking of the Thematic Mapper with Botanical and Historical Data
Eduardo Brondizio, Emilio Moran, Paul Mausel, and You Wu

Abstract
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A Landsat TM scene from July, 1991 was analyzed for an area of the Amazon estuary in Ponta de Pedras, Marajo Island, Brazil. Distinctive spectral signatures were determined for 14 land- cover classes, including upland and floodplain forest, three stages of secondary succession, palm forest, mangrove, pasture, and three types of savanna. Image classification of the study area was conducted using the 14 class spectral statistics informed by 1992 vegetation inventories and field studies documenting historical land use. The use of field- based information supportive of classification resulted in individual test field class results which ranged from 81 to 100 percent individual class accuracy. Elements of the classification were focused on addressing the difficult problem of identifying the conversion of 'natural' to 'managed' floodplain forest. The combination of feature classification using computer-analyzed TM data in conjunction with detailed ground measurements/surveys permitted identification of subtle changes in natural forest that was associated with conversion to managed floodplain forest.

931 Change Detection at Multiple Temporal Scales: Seasonal and Annual Variations in Landscape Variables
Eric F. Lambin

Abstract
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Demonstrates the limitations of the classic change detection approach in situations where landscape attributes are characterized by marked seasonal variations; explores the effect of increasing the frequency of observation on the change detection performances, using a common data aggregation approach; and tests a method which monitors broad time-scale changes in landscape attributes by taking explicitly into account the finer time-scale variations. These issues are explored with data on the landscape spatial pattern of three West African landscapes. The spatial structure of these landscapes is measured from AVHRR data, for a period covering two years. It is shown that seasonal changes in landscape spatial pattern may be much greater than that caused by long- term changes. Combining information from multiple temporal scales of observation is essential to quantify in a meaningful way the spatial dynamics of landscapes. 

939 Remote Sensing of Mangrove Wetlands: Relating Canopy Spectra to Site-Specific Data
Elijah W. Ramsey III and John R. Jensen

Abstract
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Remote sensing was examined as a tool to describe the spectral and structural changes within and between mangrove species and community types. To accomplish this goal, high-resolution canopy reflectance spectra were obtained at 21 mangrove sites in southwest Florida. Results from sets of reflectances in combination with correlation analyses suggest blue and red reflectances were redundant as were SPOT panchromatic and green reflectances and all normalized difference vegetation indexes derived for each set of NIR and red reflectances. Eighty-four percent of the LAI variance was explained by using any generated normalized difference vegetation index; however, species composition was not correlated to any combination of reflectance bands or vegetation index. 

949 Inferring Urban Land Use from Satellite Sensor Images Using Kernel-Based Spatial Reclassification
M.J. Barnsley and S.L. Barr

Abstract
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Per-pixel classification algorithms are poorly equipped to monitor urban land use in images acquired by the current generation of high spatial resolution satellite sensors. This is because urban areas commonly comprise a complex spatial assemblage of spectrally distinct land-cover types. A technique is described that attempts to derive information on urban land use in two stages. The application of this technique, known as SPARK (SPAtial Reclassification Kernel), is demonstrated using a SPOT-1 HRV multispectral image of southeast London, England. Preliminary results indicate that SPARK can be used to distinguish quite subtle differences of land use in urban areas. 

959 On Using the NOAA AVHRR "Experimental Calibrated Weekly Global Vegetation Index"
Erik A. Williams and Dennis E. Jelinski

Abstract
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Several types of real and potential error in the current bi- weekly Experimental Global Vegetation Index (EGVI) distributed by the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) are described. The real errors are related to duplication of files among years. The potential errors arise from problems in resampling that are associated with transferring data between two types of projections. The failure to recognize and address these problems will lead to serious analytical error and false inferences. 

961 Comparison of Nadir and Off-Nadir Multispectral Response Patterns for Six Tallgrass Prairie Treatments in Eastern Kansas
John W. Dunham and Kevin P. Price

Abstract
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Ground-level spectroradiometer measurements taken at nadir and 45degrees off-nadir from four sensor view azimuths were used to examine the spectral reflectance patterns of six tallgrass prairie treatments in eastern Kansas. The six treatments included native prairie, burned, mowed, hayed, grazed, and unmanaged grasslands. Spectral reflectance patterns and biophysical measurements were made for each treatment. The native and unmanaged treatments were spectrally unique from the other four grassland treatments. View zenith and azimuth had no effect on the spectral separability among treatments. Across all treatments, only the off-nadir measurements taken at a 0degrees view azimuth (sun behind sensor) were significantly different from those taken at other view zenith- azimuth angles.

969 Visual Interpretation of Vegetation Classes from Airborne Videography: An Evaluation of Observer Proficiency with Minimal Training
Sam Drake

Abstract
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Evaluates the ability of individual subjects and small groups to correctly identify Arizona plant communities from color airborne video footage, explores the relationship of five background variables to subjects' success, and determines which community types are easiest and most difficult for subjects to identify. Three hours of training increased the mean individual score from seven correct (pretest) to 21 correct (posttest), and mean group score from 11 to 24. Posttest results showed no significant difference in ability among individuals or between individuals and groups. The most difficult community to identify was creosote- tarbush desertscrub; the easiest was paloverde-saguaro desertscrub. Findings support the feasibility of video interpretation by minimally trained personnel.

 
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