116
March 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal of the
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the
exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of
the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic
Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data
Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional
information on the functioning of the Technical Divisions and the Society can
be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining to this
and other Society publications should be directed to the American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 425 Barlow Place, Suite 210, Bethesda,
Maryland 20814-2144, including inquiries, memberships, subscriptions, changes
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PE&RS
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COPYRIGHT 2018.
Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing. Reproduction of this issue or any part thereof (except short
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Mãori mythology tells us of the origin of the intricate network of inlets, coves, bays,
islands, and forested hills around the northern reaches of South Island. According to
legend, a boy named Aoraki—along with three of his brothers and a crew—were boat-
ing in the open sea when a storm god crashed their vessel on a reef and flipped it. As
the brothers scrambled out of the water, a bitter wind froze them in place and turned
everything into stone. The overturned hull became New Zealand’s South Island. The
petrified body of Aoraki, the tallest of the brothers, turned into Mount Cook; the others
became the Southern Alps. The partially submerged prow of the canoe formed the maze-
like Marlborough Sounds and other landforms along the northern coast of South Island.
Geologists have a different way of explaining the distinctive landscape. They see ev-
idence that the northern end of coastal mountains in this area began to tilt and sink
about 1.5 million years ago. Meanwhile, as global temperatures increased, the rising
seas swamped coastal valleys and turned them into features known as rias—drowned,
funnel-shaped river valleys that connect to the seas. While sea level has risen and fallen
many times with the comings and goings of Ice Ages, geologists think the current coast-
line began to take shape about 7,000 years ago when the most recent Ice Age ended.
On December 2, 2017, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired this
natural-color image of the rocky landscape of Marlborough Sounds. The shallowest (light
blue) parts of the inlets are estuaries, where sediment from rivers has discolored the
water and accumulated on the bottom. Deeper water is darker blue. The inlets that make
up the Sounds are mostly shallow; none have depths that exceed 50 meters (160 feet).
But deeper water can be found nearby. Maps of the sea floor show a channel hundreds
of meters deep running through Cook Strait. If you follow this channel south, it leads off
the edge of the continental shelf and into deep ocean just east of New Zealand’s two
largest islands. In fact, the sharp change in seafloor depth near the edge of the continen-
tal shelf, along with strong tidal currents, likely produced the long, linear waves visible
on the right side of the image.
When tidal currents pull water up against the shelf, differences in temperature and
salinity between surface and deeper water layers can create large waves that travel
tens of meters below the surface. Though these internal waves do not cause obvious
surface swells, they influence slicks of biological materials and oils on the surface that
affect how much sunlight gets reflected. These surface slicks reveal the presence of the
underlying internal waves. The pattern is especially obvious in areas where the Sun’s
reflection off the water—sunglint—is brightest.
Complicated flow and wave patterns are commonplace around Marlborough Sounds and
in Cook Strait. In addition to having strong currents, the strait is known for funneling
winds into a chokepoint that fuels large surface waves and turbulent seas. As wind-
blown waves, tidal currents, and internal waves all interact with the complicated terrain,
eye-catching swirls, loops, and other intricate flow patterns emerge as water circulates
throughout the inlets. For more information, visit
/
IOTD/view.php?id=91668&src=ve.
