PE&RS June 2018 Full - page 332

332
June 2018
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
& REMOTE SENSING
J
ournal
S
taff
Publisher ASPRS
Editor-In-Chief Alper Yilmaz
Technical Editor Michael S. Renslow
Assistant Editor Jie Shan
Assistant Director — Publications Rae Kelley
Electronic Publications Manager/Graphic Artist Matthew Austin
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
is the official journal of the
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. It is devoted to the
exchange of ideas and information about the applications of photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The technical activities of
the Society are conducted through the following Technical Divisions: Geographic
Information Systems, Photogrammetric Applications, Lidar, Primary Data
Acquisition, Professional Practice, and Remote Sensing Applications. Additional
information on the functioning of the Technical Divisions and the Society can
be found in the Yearbook issue of
PE&RS.
Correspondence relating to all business and editorial matters pertaining to this
and other Society publications should be directed to the American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 425 Barlow Place, Suite 210, Bethesda,
Maryland 20814-2144, including inquiries, memberships, subscriptions, changes
in address, manuscripts for publication, advertising, back issues, and publica-
tions. The telephone number of the Society Headquarters is 301-493-0290; the
fax number is 301-493-0208; web address is
.
PE&RS
.
PE&RS
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Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry and
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The increasing sunlight and warmth of springtime provoke buds and blooms amidst
the trees, flowers, and grasses on land. Warm air and sunlight also beget warmer
ocean waters and provoke blooms of the “grass of the sea”—phytoplankton. These
tiny, plant-like organisms float near the ocean surface and turn sunlight and carbon
dioxide into sugars and oxygen. In turn, they become food for the grazing zooplankton,
shellfish, and finfish of the sea.
On May 5, 2018, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired a natural-
color image (top) of a phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea. The next day, the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite
observed the same bloom in a wider context. Five days earlier, MODIS detected visible
plumes of sediment moving through the area to the west.
The milkier, lighter-colored waters are probably filled with coccolithophores, while
greener areas may be diatoms. (It is impossible to know for sure without direct water
samples.) The brightness of the color may reflect the density of the phytoplankton,
while the various swirls and shapes trace the intricate movements of currents, eddies,
and tides.
Phytoplankton are most abundant in the North Sea in late spring and early summer
due to high levels of nutrients in the water. Melting sea ice and increased runoff from
European rivers—a product of melting snow and spring rains—carry a heavy load of
nutrients out to sea, while also freshening the surface waters. Intense seasonal winds
blowing over the relatively shallow sea also cause a lot of mixing that brings nutrients
to the surface.
In a study published in August 2017, a research team from the United Kingdom found
that primary production in the North Sea has declined since the late 1980s. The
causes for less phytoplankton abundance are not entirely clear, but they appear to
be related to decreased nutrients—thanks to less runoff from European farms and
cities—increasing sea temperatures, and changing light levels. Whatever the cause,
the decrease in primary production has coincided with a decrease in zooplankton and
some higher forms of marine life that consume phytoplankton. At the same time, many
fish stocks remained stable, probably due to better fisheries management amid the
changing ocean conditions.
For more information, visit
NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S.
Geological Survey and MODIS data from LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response. Story by
Mike Carlowicz.
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